Commands Reference, Volume 2

fsdb Command

Purpose

Debugs file systems.

Syntax

fsdb FileSystem [ - ]

Description

The fsdb command enables you to examine, alter, and debug a file system, specified by the FileSystem parameter. The command provides access to file system objects, such as blocks, i-nodes, or directories. You can use the fsdb command to examine and patch damaged file systems. Key components of a file system can be referenced symbolically. This feature simplifies the procedures for correcting control-block entries and for descending the file system tree.

To examine a file system, specify it by a block device name, a raw device name, or a mounted file system name. In the last case, the fsdb command determines the associated file system name by reading the /etc/filesystems file. Mounted file systems cannot be modified.

The fsdb command has a different interface for a JFS file system and a JFS2 file system. The following explains how to use fsdb with a JFS file system. See JFS2 Subcommands for information about JFS2 subcommands.

If the file system specified is a JFS2 snapshot, the fsdb command enables examination and modification of the snapshot superblock, snapshot map, block map xtree copy, and segment headers. See JFS2 Snapshot Subcommands for information about JFS2 snapshot subcommands.

The subcommands for the fsbd command allow you to access, view, or change the information in a file system. Any number you enter in the subcommand is considered decimal by default, unless you prefix it with either 0 to indicate an octal number or 0x to indicate a hexadecimal number. All addresses are printed in hexadecimal.

Because the fsdb command reads and writes one block at a time, it works with raw as well as with block I/O.

Flag

Subcommands

The fsdb subcommands are requests to locate and display or modify information in the file system. The main categories of subcommands are:

In addition, there are a few miscellaneous subcommands.

Location Subcommands

There are two types of location subcommands:

Number[ I | M | i | b ]

OR

dDirectorySlot

The first type consists of a number, optionally followed by an address specification. The address specification defines how the preceding number is to be interpreted. There are four address specifications corresponding to four different interpretations of the Number variable:

Depending on the address specification (or absence of it), this type of location subcommand accesses information as follows:

The second type of location subcommand is used to access directory entries. The subcommand consists of the character d followed by a directory-slot number. Directory-slot numbers start at 0 for each block of the associated i-node.

This type of location subcommand accesses information as follows:

Display Subcommands

To view information relative to the address specification, use a display subcommand comprised of one of the display facilities in conjunction with one of the display formats, as follows:

p[Number]{ i | d | o | e | c | b | y | M | I | x | s | D }

OR

f[Number]{ i | d | o | e | c | b | y | M | I | x | s | D }

The display facilities are:

The display formats for either facility are:

The chosen display facility and display format remain in effect during the processing of the fsdb command until explicitly changed. You may receive an error message indicating improper alignment if the address you specify does not fall on an appropriate boundary.

If you use the Number, MapBlockNumberI, or FragmentNumberb location subcommands to access i-node information, you can step through the data, examining each byte, word, or double word. Select the desired display mode by entering one of the following subcommands:

You can move forward or backward through the information. The boundary advances with the display screen and is left at the address of the last item displayed. The output can be ended at any time by pressing the INTERRUPT key. The following symbols allow movement through the information:

The following symbols allow you to store the current address and return to it conveniently:

You can use dots, tabs, and spaces as subcommand delimiters, but they are only necessary to delimit a hexadecimal number from a subcommand that could be interpreted as a hexadecimal digit. Pressing the Enter key (entering a blank line) increments the current address by the size of the data type last displayed. That is, the address is set to the next byte, word, double word, directory entry, or i-node, allowing you to step through a region of a file system.

The fsdb command displays information in a format appropriate to the data type. Bytes, words, and double words are displayed as a hexadecimal address followed by the hexadecimal representation of the data at that address and the decimal equivalent enclosed in parentheses. The fsdb command adds a .B or .D suffix to the end of the address to indicate a display of byte or double word values. It displays directories as a directory slot offset followed by the decimal i-node number and the character representation of the entry name. It displays i-nodes with labeled fields describing each element. The environment variables control the formats of the date and time fields.

Modification Subcommands

You can modify information relative to the address specification by using a field specification (for fields in the i-node and fields in the directory). The general form for assigning new values is: mnemonic operator new-value, where the mnemonic parameter represents one of the fields described in the following list:

The following mnemonics are used for the names of the fields of an i-node and refer to the current working i-node:

The following mnemonics refer to the i-node and disk maps:

The following mnemonics are used for the names of the fields in directories:

Valid values of the Operator parameter include:

Note: A file system must be unmounted before attempting to modify it.

Miscellaneous Subcommands

Miscellaneous subcommands are:

JFS2 Subcommands

These subcommands can be entered by their entire name or by using a subset of the name. At least the bold letters must be entered.

a[lter] <block> <offset> <hex string>

where:

<block>	block number (decimal)
<offset>	offset within block (hex)
<hex string>	string of hex digits

 

 

 

Alters disk data. <hex string> should contain an even number of digits.

 

 

b[map] [<block numbers>]

 

 

Display Block Allocation Map.

 

 <block number> Display the dmap page which describes this block number

 

Subcommands:

m	modify current node
u	visit upper level bmap page
l	visit left sibling
r	visit right sibling
w	display wmap
p	display pmap
s	display stree
x	exit subcommand mode

 

 

dir[ectory] <inode number> [<fileset>][R]

 

<inode number>	inode number of directory (decimal)
<fileset>	number, currently must be zero
R	recursively lists all subdirectories

 

 

 

Displays directory entries.

 

 

d[isplay] [<block> [<offset> [<format>[<count>]]]]

 

<block>	block number (decimal)
<offset>	offset within block (hex)
<format>	format in which to display data (see below)
<count>	number of objects to display (decimal)

 

Displays data in a variety of formats.

 

 

 

Format may be one of the following:

a	ascii
i	inode	struct dinode
I	inode allocation map	iag_t
s	superblock	struct superblock
x	hexadecimal

 

 

dt[ree] {<block number> | <inode number>{a | f}}

 

<block number>	block number containing a dtree page
<inode number>	inode number of directory (decimal)
{a | f}	'a' indicates inode number is an aggregate inode. 'f' indicates inode number is a fileset inode.

 

 

 

Displays root of the directory btree and enters a subcommand mode in which to navigate the btree.

 

 

 

Subcommands:

m	Modifies current node
f	Walks freelist entries
s	Displays specified slot entry
[0-9]+	Displays specified stbl entry
t	Displays formatted stbl
u	Visits parent node (not parent directory)
d	Visits child node
x	Exits subcommand mode

 

 

h[elp] [<command>]

 

<command>

command name

 

Prints help text. Lists all commands if no parameter.

 

 

ia[g] [<IAG number>] [a | <fileset>]

 

<IAG number>	IAG number (decimal)
a	use aggregate inode table
<fileset>	fileset number (currently must be zero)

 

Displays iag information and enters subcommand mode.

 

 

 

Subcommands:

e	Displays/modifies inode extents map
m	Modifies iag
p	Displays/modifies persistent map
w	Displays/modifies working map

im[ap] [a | <fileset>]

 

a	use aggragate inode table
<fileset>	fileset number (currently must be zero)

 

Display specified inode map and enters subcommand mode.

 

 

 

Subcommands:

e	Displays/modifies inode extents map
m	Modifies iag
p	Displays/modifies persistent map

 

 

i[node] [<inode number>] [a | <fileset>]

 

<inode number>	Inode number (decimal)
a	Use aggregate inode table
fileset	Fileset number (currently must be zero)

 

Displays inode information and enters subcommand mode.

 

 

 

Subcommands:

m	Modifies inode
t	Displays/modifies inode's b-tree
e	display/modify inode's EAs

Note

Once displaying an inode's EAs you can modify its pxdTable or eaDirectory entries. Specify modify option and then the pxdTable or eaDirectory indicator and the offset into the table.

 

 

q[uit]

Exits fsdb.

 

 

su[perblock] [p | s]

 

p	Displays primary superblock
s	Displays secondary superblock

 

Displays superblock data.

x[tree] {<block number> | <inode number>{a | f} }

 

<block number>	block number (decimal)
<inode number>	inode number
{a | f}	'a' indicates inode number is an aggregate inode. 'f' indicates inode number is a fileset inode.

 

Displays one node of a xtree and enters a subcommand mode in which to navigate the xtree.

 

 

 

Subcommands:

m	Modifies current node
u	Visits parent node
d	Visits child node
n	Visits right sibling
p	Visits left sibling
s	Selects xad entry to view
x	Exits subcommand mode

JFS2 Snapshot Subcommands

These subcommands can be entered by their entire name or by using a subset of the name. At least the bold letters must be entered.

a[lter] <block> <offset> <hex string>

where:

<block>	block number (decimal)
<offset>	offset within block (hex)
<hex string>	string of hex digits

 

 

 

Alters disk data. <hex string> should contain an even number of digits.

 

 

b[map]

 

 

Displays block map xtree copy.

 

 

d[isplay] [<block> [<offset> [<format>[<count>]]]]

 

<block>	block number (decimal)
<offset>	offset within block (hex)
<format>	format in which to display data (see below)
<count>	number of objects to display (decimal)

 

Displays data in a variety of formats.

 

 

 

Format may be one of the following:

a	ascii
s	snapshot segment header
t	snapshot table page
x	xtree page

 

 

h[elp] [<command>]

 

<command>

command name

 

Provides help on subcommands.

 

 

q[uit]

Exits fsdb.

 

 

st[able] [<block number>]

where:

<block number>

block number (decimal)

 

 

 

Displays summary snapshot table.

 

 

s[map] [<block number>]

where:

<block number>

block number (decimal)

 

 

 

Displays snapshot bit map.

 

 

su[perblock]

 

 

Displays superblock.

Examples

The following examples show subcommands you can use after starting the fsdb command on a JFS file system.

1. To display an i-node, enter:

   386i

   This command displays i-node 386 in i-node format. It now becomes the current i-node.

2. To change the link count for the current i-node to a value of 4, enter:

   ln=4

3. To increase the link count of the current i-node by a value of 1, enter:

   ln=+1

4. To display part of the file associated with the current i-node, enter:

   fc

   This command displays block 0 of the file associated with the current i-node in ASCII bytes.

5. To display entries of a directory, enter:

   2i.fd

   This changes the current i-node to the root i-node (i-node 2) and then displays the directory entries in the first block associated with that i-node. One or more of the last entries displayed may have an i-node number of 0 (zero). These are unused directory blocks; such entries cannot be manipulated as in the next example.

6. To go down a level of the directory tree, enter:

   d5i.fc

   This command changes the current i-node to the one associated with directory entry 5. Then it displays the first block of the file as ASCII text (fc). Directory entries are numbered starting from 0.

7. To display a block when you know its block number, enter:

   1b.p0o

   This command displays the superblock (block 1) of file system in octal.

8. To change the i-node of a directory entry, enter:

   2i.a0b.d7=3

   This command changes the i-node of directory entry 7 in the root directory (2i) to 3. This example also shows how several operations can be combined on one line.

9. To change the file name of a directory entry, enter:

   d7.nm="chap1.rec"

   This command changes the name field of directory entry 7 to chap1.rec.

10. To display a given block of the file associated with the current i-node, enter:

    a2b.p0d

    This command displays block 2 of the current i-node as directory entries.

11. To display the content of a single indirect block at block 7, enter:

    7b. p0S

    This command displays the block numbers allocated to the i-node that has a single indirect block at block 7.

12. To display the first page of the disk map, enter:

    OM

13. To display the first 10 words of permanent block allocation map in hexadecimal, enter:

    mp1.p10x

    This command shows the allocation bit map at the current address; for example, at 0M.

Files

Related Information

The dfsck command, fsck command.

The dir file, filsys.h file.

The environment miscellaneous facility.

The read subroutine.

The File Systems in AIX 5L Version 5.2 System Management Concepts: Operating System and Devices explains file system types, management, structure, and maintenance.

The Files Overview in AIX 5L Version 5.2 System User's Guide: Operating System and Devices provides information on working with files.