Performance Management Guide

Restructuring Executable Programs with the fdpr Program

The fdpr (feedback-directed program restructuring) program optimizes executable modules for faster execution and more efficient use of real memory. To determine whether the fdpr program is installed and available on your system, run the following command:

# lslpp -lI perfagent.tools

The fdpr command is a performance-tuning utility that can improve both performance and real memory utilization of user-level application programs. The source code is not necessary as input to the fdpr program. However, stripped executable programs are not supported. If source code is available, programs built with the -qfdpr compiler flag contain information to assist the fdpr program in producing reordered programs with guaranteed functionality. If the -qfdpr flag is used, it should be used for all object modules in a program. Static linking will not enhance performance if the -qfdpr flag is used.

The fdpr tool reorders the instructions in an executable program to improve instruction cache, Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB), and real memory utilization by doing the following:

• Packing together highly executed code sequences (as determined through profiling)
• Recoding conditional branches to improve hardware branch prediction
• Moving infrequently executed code out of line

For example, given an "if-then-else" statement, the fdpr program might conclude that the program uses the else branch more often than the if branch. It will then reverse the condition and the two branches as shown in the following figure.

Figure 17. Example of Conditional Branch Recoding. The illustration shows how conditional branch recoding changes certain code. For example, the code If (condition) would become If (! condition); the code then stays then; instructions becomes other instructions; else stays else; other instructions become instruction; and endif stays endif.

Large applications (larger than 5 MB) that are CPU-bound can improve execution time up to 23 percent, but typically the performance is improved between 5 and 20 percent. The reduction of real memory requirements for text pages for this type of program can reach 70 percent. The average is between 20 and 50 percent. The numbers depend on the application's behavior and the optimization options issued when using the fdpr program.

The fdpr processing takes place in three stages:

1. The executable module to be optimized is instrumented to allow detailed performance-data collection.
2. The instrumented executable module is run in a workload provided by the user, and performance data from that run is recorded.
3. The performance data is used to drive a performance-optimization process that results in a restructured executable module that should perform the workload that exercised the instrumented executable program more efficiently. It is critically important that the workload used to drive the fdpr program closely match the actual use of the program. The performance of the restructured executable program with workloads that differ substantially from that used to drive the fdpr program is unpredictable, but can be worse than that of the original executable program.

As an example, the command

# fdpr -p ProgramName -R3 -x test.sh

would use the testcase test.sh to run an instrumented form of program ProgramName. The output of that run would be used to perform the most aggressive optimization (-R3) of the program to form a new module called, by default, ProgramName.fdpr. The degree to which the optimized executable program performed better in production than its unoptimized predecessor would depend largely on the degree to which the testcase test.sh successfully imitated the production workload.

In summary, users of the fdpr program should adhere to the following:

• Take pains to use a workload to drive the fdpr program that is representative of the intended use.
• Thoroughly test the functioning of the resulting restructured executable program.
• Use the restructured executable program only on the workload for which it has been tuned.